The estimates of unit cost of electricity reported by the authors are $0.218/kWh at 100% power supply with zero failures, $0.179/kWh (at 3.8% loss of power supply probability (LPSP)) and $0.089/kWh (at 20% LPSP). Paudel et al. (2011) proposed a hybrid system based on solar PV and wind system for powering telecom towers.
Thereafter, an automatic transfer switch shifts the loads from energy storage system (battery) to the DG. Thus, a grid-based conventional power supply system for telecom towers usually depends on a DG and batteries to provide uninterrupted power during grid power outages (Amutha & Rajini, 2015; Gandhok & Manthri, 2021; Olabode et al., 2021).
A telecom tower's monthly energy consumption is typically between several hundred and several thousand-kilowatt hours (kWh) (Carmine Lubritto, 2008a). Traditionally, these electricity requirements are met using grid electricity, and in the event that this is not available, a diesel generator is utilized which is very carbon intensive (Islam, 2020).
From the analysis, it was noted that, at pan India level, rural telecom towers are powered only for about 13.5 h per day through the grid as compared to 20 h per day in metro cities (NITI AAYOG, 2015). About 70% of all telecom towers have less than 12 h per day of electricity supply from grid (GSMA & IFC, 2011).
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