Implementing electrochemical energy conversion and storage (EECS) technologies such as lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and ceramic fuel cells (CFCs) can facilitate the transition to a clean energy future. EECS offers superior efficiency, cost, safety, and environmental benefits compared to fossil fuels.
However, Africa's energy resources are diverse and unevenly distributed Fig. 6 c. Oil is the most utilized energy source (∼42 % of the total energy consumption), followed by gas (∼28 %), coal (∼22 %), hydro (∼6 %), renewable energy (∼1 %), and nuclear (∼1 %) [4, 141].
Enhancing large-scale modular distribution of energy will improve the lives of those in rural areas, thus boosting economic conditions across the continent. Utilizing abundant gas resources will enable Africa to produce energy for itself and promote energy export, generating additional revenue for the continent.
CFCs, solid-ceramic electrolyte-based fuel cells, have several advantages over conventional thermal power plants, including efficiency, low emissions, and fuel flexibility [82, 125]. However, they continue encountering significant technical and economic challenges that limit their widespread adoption and commercialization [125, 126].
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