They are priced according to five different power ratings to provide a relevant system comparison and a more precise estimate. The power rating of an energy storage system impacts system pricing, where larger systems are typically lower in cost (on a $/kWh basis) than smaller ones due to volume purchasing, etc.
For decades, the standard valve-regulated lead acid (VRLA) or absorbent gas mat (AGM) gel battery technologies were the only viable energy storage options for UPS systems. However, they came with many drawbacks, including unattractive operational expenditure (OpEx) results.
Fixed operating and maintenance (O&M) costs include staff and administrative costs, supplies, and minor routine maintenance. (Not included are property taxes and insurance.) Fixed costs also include the fixed payment portion of a long-term service agreement for the CT and carbon capture system equipment.
Variable operations and maintenance costs, such as ammonia, water, and miscellaneous chemicals and consumables, are directly proportional to the electricity generated. Fuel costs were estimated for reference unit types using representative fuel specifications for coal, natural gas, and biomass.
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