Data such as the hourly electricity consumption of the building, grid-to-load energy price tariff, system-to-grid energy tariff, solar radiation, and ambient temperature were analyzed in detail. In line with various target functions, the system was optimized under load consumption, ESS, and PV cost scenarios.
The MSP benchmarks for PV-plus-storage systems (in 2022 real USD/kWdc/yr) are $61.28 (residential), $75.25 (community solar), and $50.73 (utility-scale). For MMP, the benchmarks are $65.04 (residential), $76.79 (community solar), and $51.88 (utility-scale).
The total cost over the service life of the system is amortized to give a levelized cost per year. In the PV System Cost Model (PVSCM), the owner's overnight capital expense (cash cost) for an installed PV system is divided into eight categories, which are the same for the utility-scale, commercial, and residential PV market segments:
The objectives, methods, tariffs, and effects of time analysis for optimizing PV + ESS system capacity were summarized. The proposed model provides a sustainable, economical, and environmentally friendly solution to reduce the negative impacts of PV systems on the grid.
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